Prevalência de Blastocystis sp. em moradores de uma comunidade quilombola na região pantaneira do estado de Mato Grosso / Prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in inhabitants of a quilombola community in the pantanal region of Mato Grosso state / Prevalencia de Blastocystis sp. en habitantes de una comunidad quilombola de la región del pantanal del estado de Mato Grosso

Introdução: Blastocystis sp. é o parasito mais comum encontrado nos estudos de prevalência de parasitas intestinais em diferentes populações. Objetivo: determinar a prevalência do parasita intestinal Blastocystis sp. em moradores da comunidade quilombola Distrito Nossa Senhora Aparecida do Chumbo localizada em uma área rural do Município de Poconé-MT. Método: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo e quantitativo que determinou a prevalência do parasita intestinal Blastocystis sp. que ocorreu nos meses de dezembro de 2021 a maio de 2022. A amostra final foi composta por 114 participantes. Na identificação das formas evolutivas dos parasitas intestinais nas amostras fecais foi empregado o método de Hoffman. As amostras foram analisadas com auxílio do microscópio óptico e as lâminas foram coradas com lugol, para identificação das formas evolutivas dos parasitos. Para análise descritiva foi realizado a frequência absoluta e percentual. Foram realizados cálculos para determinar a prevalência total de parasitos intestinais e a prevalência por tipo de parasitas. Resultados: A prevalência total foi de 75%, deste a maior ocorrência foi apresentada por Blastocystis sp. Conclusão: Sugerimos, que a alta prevalência deste parasito que tem por via de contaminação fecal- oral, esteja associada à falta de um saneamento adequado, bem como ao acesso da água de qualidade.

Introduction: Blastocystis sp. is the most common parasite found in studies of intestinal parasite prevalence in different populations. Objective: To determine the prevalence of the intestinal parasite Blastocystis sp. in residents of the quilombola community of Distrito Nossa Senhora Aparecida do Chumbo located in a rural area of the Municipality of Poconé-MT. Method: This is a descriptive and quantitative epidemiological study that determined the prevalence of the intestinal parasite Blastocystis sp. that occurred in the months from December 2021 to May 2022. The final sample consisted of 114 participants. The Hoffman method was used to identify the evolutionary forms of the intestinal parasites in the fecal samples. The samples were analyzed with the aid of an optical microscope and the slides were stained with lugol to identify the evolutive forms of the parasites. For descriptive analysis, absolute and percentage frequency was performed. Calculations were performed to determine the total prevalence of intestinal parasites and the prevalence by type of parasites. Results: The total prevalence was 75%, of this the highest occurrence was presented by Blastocystis sp. Conclusion: We suggest, that the high prevalence of this parasite that has a fecal-oral contamination route, is associated with the lack of proper sanitation, as well as access to quality water.

Introducción: Blastocystis sp. es el parásito más común encontrado en estudios de prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en diferentes poblaciones. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del parásito intestinal Blastocystis sp. en residentes de la comunidad quilombola del Distrito Nossa Senhora Aparecida do Chumbo localizada en una zona rural del Municipio de Poconé-MT. Método: Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo y cuantitativo que determinó la prevalencia del parásito intestinal Blastocystis sp. ocurrida en los meses de diciembre de 2021 a mayo de 2022. La muestra final estuvo compuesta por 114 participantes. Se utilizó el método Hoffman para identificar las formas evolutivas de los parásitos intestinales en las muestras fecales. Las muestras se analizaron con la ayuda de un microscopio óptico y los portaobjetos se tiñeron con lugol para identificar las formas evolutivas de los parásitos. Para el análisis descriptivo se calcularon las frecuencias absolutas y porcentuales. Se realizaron cálculos para determinar la prevalencia total de parásitos intestinales y la prevalencia por tipo de parásitos. Resultados: La prevalencia total fue de 75%, de esta la mayor ocurrencia la presentó Blastocystis sp. Conclusión: Sugerimos, que la alta prevalencia de este parásito que tiene por vía de contaminación fecal-oral, está asociada a la falta de saneamiento adecuado, así como al acceso a agua de calidad.

Prevalência de enteroparasitas em crianças atendidas pelas unidades básicas de saúde do município de Fortaleza, Ceará / Prevalence of enteroparasites in children attending basic health units in the municipality of Fortaleza, Ceará / Prevalencia de enteroparasitosis en niños atendidos en unidades básicas de salud del municipio de Fortaleza, Ceará

As Enteroparasitoses são um problema socioeconômico de países subdesenvolvidos que atingem principalmente crianças, sendo um grupo de maior propensão a exposição a ambientes contaminados. Diante disso, o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a prevalência de enteroparasitoses em crianças atendidas pelas unidades básicas de saúde de Fortaleza, Ceará, a fim de contribuir para o desenvolvimento de medidas preventivas e terapêuticas mais eficazes para o controle dessas infecções e na saúde da população. Para isso, foram utilizadas para a análise 76 amostras fecais de crianças de 1 a 15 anos, atendidas pelas unidades básicas de saúde do município, adotando a técnica de sedimentação espontânea em água, conforme descrita por Hoffman, Pons e Janer (1934). A prevalência geral de enteroparasitas, parasitas e protozoários, foi de 51,3% na população estudada. Dentre os parasitas encontrados, os protozoários mais frequentes foram: Blastocystis hominis (55,1%) seguido de Giardia lamblia (12,2%) e Entamoeba coli (12,2%). Já os parasitas helmintos, houve ocorrência de Ascaris lumbricoides (6%) e Enterobius vermicularis (2%). Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a população de crianças estudada apresentou uma alta taxa de infecção por enteroparasitas, com predomínio de protozoários intestinais. Esses achados reforçam a importância da implementação de medidas preventivas e melhoria das condições higiênico-sanitárias para o controle dessas infecções e na promoção da saúde da população.

Enteroparasitoses are a socioeconomic problem in underdeveloped countries that mainly affect children, a group with a higher propensity to be exposed to contaminated environments. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of enteroparasitoses in children attending basic health units in Fortaleza, Ceará, in order to contribute to the development of more effective preventive and therapeutic measures for the control of these infections and the health of the population. For this purpose, 76 fecal samples from children from 1 to 15 years old, attended in basic health units of the city were used for analysis, adopting the technique of spontaneous sedimentation in water, as described by Hoffman, Pons and Janer (1934). The overall prevalence of enteroparasites, parasites and protozoa, was 51.3% in the studied population. Among the parasites found, the most frequent protozoans were: Blastocystis hominis (55.1%) followed by Giardia lamblia (12.2%) and Entamoeba coli (12.2%). As for the helminth parasites, there were Ascaris lumbricoides (6%) and Enterobius vermicularis (2%). Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the population of children studied presented a high rate of infection by enteroparasites, with a predominance of intestinal protozoa. These findings reinforce the importance of implementing preventive measures and improving the hygienic-sanitary conditions for the control of these infections and in promoting the health of the population.

Las enteroparasitosis son un problema socioeconómico en los países subdesarrollados que afecta principalmente a los niños, grupo con mayor propensión a estar expuesto a ambientes contaminados. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la prevalencia de enteroparasitosis en niños que asisten a unidades básicas de salud en Fortaleza, Ceará, con el fin de contribuir al desarrollo de medidas preventivas y terapéuticas más eficaces para el control de estas infecciones y la salud de la población. Para ello, se utilizaron para el análisis 76 muestras fecales de niños de 1 a 15 años, atendidos en unidades básicas de salud de la ciudad, adoptando la técnica de sedimentación espontánea en agua, descrita por Hoffman, Pons y Janer (1934). La prevalencia global de enteroparásitos, parásitos y protozoos, fue de 51,3% en la población estudiada. Entre los parásitos encontrados, los protozoos más frecuentes fueron: Blastocystis hominis (55,1%), seguido de Giardia lamblia (12,2%) y Entamoeba coli (12,2%). En cuanto a los helmintos parásitos, había Ascaris lumbricoides (6%) y Enterobius vermicularis (2%). En base a los resultados obtenidos, se puede concluir que la población infantil estudiada presenta una elevada tasa de infección por enteroparásitos, con predominio de protozoos intestinales. Estos hallazgos refuerzan la importancia de implementar medidas preventivas y mejorar las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias para el control de estas infecciones y en la promoción de la salud de la población.

Frecuencia y distribución de enteroparásitos en área rural del departamento de La Paz / Frequency and distribution of enteroparasites in rural area in La Paz

INTRODUCCIÓN: las enfermedades parasitarias representan un problema de salud pública debido a su alta prevalencia por todo el mundo sobre todo en países en desarrollo, especialmente en áreas rurales y Bolivia no es la excepción. OBJETIVO: el presente estudio tuvo el objetivo de determinar la frecuencia y distribución de enteroparásitos en 8 municipios rurales del departamento de La Paz durante el periodo de agosto a septiembre de 2014. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: el trabajo es un estudio tipo transversal-descriptivo con un universo de trabajo de 1238 muestras de heces fecales conservadas con formol, las cuales fueron enviadas por el equipo médico de SUYANA (organización no gubernamental sin fines de lucro) a los laboratorios del Instituto SELADIS (Servicios de Laboratorio de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Salud). RESULTADOS: se realizaron estudios coproparasitológicos directos de cada una de las muestras y la observación microscópica dio los siguientes resultados. Se evidencio la presencia de enteroparásitos en 89,5% de la población estudiada, de los cuales 97,2% representan protozoarios tales como B. hominis, E. coli (protoozoos comensales) y G. lamblia (protozoo intestinal patógeno) los cuales estarían como los de mayor distribución, por otro lado el 2.8% de la población total corresponden a helmintos donde H. nana tiene una distribución de 1,8%, A. lumbricoides 0,7% y T. trichiura, S. stercoralis, Uncinarias estarían en el 0,1% de la población. También se pudo evidenciar que la mayor distribución de enteroparásitos estaría entre 1-10 años de edad (37,4%). Finalmente se evidencio que de las 8 poblaciones de estudio Charazani, Calacoto, Comanche presentarían mayor distribución de enteroparásitos (10-11 parásitos). CONCLUSIÓN: se evidencio que casi el 90% de la población en estudio, presentarían parásitos intestinales, con un claro predominio de los protozoarios sobre los helmintos. Esta información epidemiológica servirá de apoyo para mejorar los programas de salud en estas poblaciones.

INTRODUCTION: parasitic diseases represent a public health problem because of its high prevalence throughout the world, especially in developing countries, particularly in rural areas and Bolivia is no exception. OBJETIVE: therefore, the present study had the objective of determining the frequency and distribution of enteroparasites in eight municipalities of La Paz between August and September in 2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS: this was a cross-sectional-descriptive study with a universe of 1238 formalin-preserved stool samples, which were sent for analysis by the medical team of SUYANA (a non-profi t organization) to the Bolivian Institute of Health Diagnostic and Research Laboratory Services (SELADIS, acronym in Spanish). RESULTS: Copro-parasitological studies of each sample and microscopic analysis were detected. As a result, prevalence of infection by any given enteroparasites were detected, 89.5% of protozoans (B. hominis, E. coli (commensal protozoa) and 97.2%, G. lamblia (pathogenic intestinal protozoa) which represent the highest distribution. Besides, we identified, 2.8% of helmintos, among them, 1.8% of H. nana, 1.7% of A. lumbricoides and 0.1% of others (T. trichiura, S. stercoralis and Uncinarias). According to age group, 37.4% were people between 1 and 10 years old (enteroparasites infection). From eight municipalities, Charazani, Calacoto, and Comanche had the highest distribution of enteparasites (10-11 parasites). CONCLUSIONS: the present study showed that 90% of the population had intestinal parasites, where protozoans were higher than helminths. This epidemiological information could be reliable to improve health care programs for these populations.

Infection by intestinal parasites in disabled patients and their guardians / Infecção por parasitos intestinais em pacientes com necessidades especiais e seus tutores

Introduction: intestinal parasitic infections are common major problem closely related to poverty, inadequate sanitation, insufficient health care and overcrowding. They cause significant morbidity among institutionalized patients, however, there are few studies that analyze the frequency of intestinal parasites in disabled patients that are not institutionalized. Objective: the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in disabled patients and their guardians. Methodology: a total of 336 fecal samples were collected from 53 disabled patients and history of diarrhea during the study period and 31 guardians, parents and professional staff of Institution. Parasite research was carried out using zinc sulphate centrifugal-flotation technique, Lutz/Hoffman Pons and Janer method, Rugai method and Gram-Chromotrope, Leishman, Kinyoun, Kato-Katz and Trichrome stains were used. Results: we found 15.5% of positive sample for enteroparasites in all analyzed individuals (13/84), with 11.3% (6/53) of prevalence in disabled patients and 22.5% (7/31) for guardians, with significant difference. There was no difference between gender, but there was a higher number of positives in patients between 6 and 11 years of age. Monoparasitism and the presence of protozoa, especially Blastocystis hominis, were the most prevalent conditions. Conclusions: despite the aforementioned intrinsic susceptibility of patients with special needs, the prevalence of intestinal parasites was low. In guardians, the prevalence was higher, suggesting extreme attention to the care process, which may have prevented the transmission to their disabled patients contact.

Introdução: as infecções parasitárias intestinais são um problema comum, intimamente relacionado à pobreza, saneamento inadequado, assistência médica insuficiente e superpopulação. Essas infecções causam morbidade significativa em pacientes institucionalizados, no entanto, existem poucos estudos que analisam a frequência de parasitas intestinais em pacientes com necessidades especiais não institucionalizados. Objetivo: o presente estudo teve como propósito determinar a prevalência de infecção parasitária intestinal em pacientes com necessidades especiais e seus responsáveis/tutores. Metodologia: foram coletadas 336 amostras fecais de 53 pacientes com necessidades especiais e histórico de diarréia durante o período do estudo e 31 responsáveis/ tutores, pais e equipe profissional relacionada. As técnicas de centrífugo-flutuação em sulfato de zinco, método Lutz/Hoffman Pons e Janer, método Rugai e Gram-Cromotrópico, Leishman, Kinyoun, Kato-Katz e Tricrômica foram utilizadas para a pesquisa de helmintos e protozoários. Resultados: foi encontrado 15,5% (13/84) de prevalência de enteroparasitos em todos os indivíduos analisados, sendo 11,3% (6/53) de prevalência em pacientes com necessidades especiais e 22,5% (7/31) de responsáveis/tutores, com diferença significativa. Não houve diferença entre os sexos, mas encontrou-se maior número de positivos em pacientes com 6 a 11 anos de idade. O monoparasitismo e a presença de protozoários, especialmente Blastocystis hominis, foram as condições mais prevalentes. Conclusões: apesar da suscetibilidade intrínseca dos pacientes com necessidades especiais, a prevalência de parasitas intestinais foi baixa. Nos responsáveis, a prevalência foi maior, sugerindo extrema atenção ao processo de cuidar, o que pode ter evitado a transmissão para os seus pacientes com necessidades especiais contactantes.

ENTEROPARASITES IN A POPULATION IN DEPRIVED CONDITIONS FROM PROVINCE OF VALENCIA (SPAIN).

The autonomous Valencian Community (Spain) has experienced intense population growth with economic difficulties or deprivation in basic goods, ranking as the sixth Spanish autonomous region with the highest percentage of a population at risk of poverty or social exclusion. The objective of this work is to assess the level of enteroparasites in a Valencian population that meets certain deprivation conditions. A coproparasitological analysis was carried out in 460 users (children and adult relatives) of the 3 Casa Caridad schools in the province of Valencia. The parasite prevalence reached 31.7%, with a higher frequency of pathogens/potentially pathogenic species (66.4%) than non-pathogenic species (33.5%), although symptoms only appeared in 10.3% of those with pathogens/potentially pathogenic species. Of those parasitized, the presence of pathogens/potentially pathogenic species reached 20.6% in individuals living in crowded conditions and 17.5% in those living with pets. Presenting pathogens/potentially pathogenic species infection increased almost fourfold in those of southern European origin. In family groups, infection occurred among all their members, showing interpersonal parasitic transmission linked to both material deprivation and a lack of health education. Improving epidemiological surveillance, health education, and hygiene/sanitation facilities is essential to reduce or eliminate parasitic transmission among those who suffer from certain deprivation conditions.

Estudo retrospectivo da contaminação por enteroparasitas e bactérias patogênicas em cédulas de dinheiro / Retrospective study of contamination by enteroparasites and pathogenic bacteria in money bills

Introdução: Diariamente, estamos rodeados por microrganismos, e diversas situações favorecem essa aproximação. Nesse contexto, as cédulas de dinheiro se destacam como possível fonte de transmissão de patógenos, como enteroparasitas e bactérias, uma vez que são manuseadas por inúmeras pessoas. Objetivo e Método: Em vista disso, este estudo teve como objetivo elaborar um levantamento dos estudos realizados nos últimos 20 anos referentes à contaminação das cédulas de dinheiro por enteroparasitas e bactérias patogênicas. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que os enteroparasitas identificados com maior frequência nos estudos foram Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoebacoli (não patogênico) e ancilostomídeos. Com relação à pesquisa de bactérias, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiellasp, Escherichia coli e Enterobactersp foram as mais detectadas. Esses dados evidenciam que existe a contaminação das cédulas de dinheiro por bactérias e enteroparasitas, confirmando seu papel como possível fonte de contaminação. Conclusão: Dessa forma, ressalta-se a importância da melhora nos hábitos de higiene básica como estratégia para limitar o ciclo desses patógenos.

Introduction: Every day, we are surrounded by microorganisms, and several situations favor this approximation. In this context, money bills are a possible source for pathogens transmission, such as enteroparasites and bacteria, as they are handled by countless people. Objective and Method: Thus, we carried out a survey study considering the last 20 years of research related to money bills contamination by enteroparasites and pathogenic bacteria. Results: The results showed that the most frequently identified entheroparasites in the studies were Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba coli (not pathogen), and hookworms. Regarding the bacteria research, the most frequently detected were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter sp. Conclusion: Data shows that money bills contamination by bacteria and enteroparasites exists, confirming its role as a contam-ination source. Thereby, the importance of better basic hygiene habits as a strategy to limit the pathogen's cycle is reinforced.

Ocurrence of enteroparasites with zoonotic potential in animals of the rural area of San Andres, Chimborazo, Ecuador.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research was the identification of the enteroparasites harbored by the animals of the San Andrés community, to evaluate their role as susceptible hosts and sources of infection for other animals, humans (zoonoses), as well as parasite forms spreaders to the environment in this rural area, located in the province of Chimborazo, Ecuadorian Andean region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out combining 3 coproparasitological techniques: direct examination, Ritchie and Ziehl-Neelsen in 300 animal stool samples RESULTS: Blastocystis sp., Entamoeba spp., Giardia spp., Balantidium spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Ascaris spp., Toxocara spp., Ancylostoma spp., Strongylida, Hymenolepis nana and Echinococcus spp., were detected. Infection by protozoa (87.3%) was higher than helminths (31.0%). All cattle, sheep and guinea pigs were found parasitized, and the presence of Blastocystis sp., Entamoeba spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. by all groups of animals stands out. It is also remarkable the presence of Giardia spp. in swine (19.2%), big herbivores-livestock (11.5%), leporids (8.3%) and carnivores (5.9%); Balantidium spp. in swine (19.2%), big herbivores-livestock (5.8%) and carnivores (1.2%); Hymenolepis nana in guinea pigs (2.1%); and Toxocara spp. (15.7%), Echinococcus spp. (9.6%) and Ancylostoma spp. (6.0%) in dogs. CONCLUSION: Animals from San Andrés have a wide spectrum of intestinal parasitic forms in their feces, being a source of infection to other animals and humans, and a source of contamination of the environment, posing a risk factor and reinforcing the idea of the need for more effective treatments and hygienic measures to improve livestock production and cutting its transmission.

Coinfection of HIV-1 with Schistosoma spp. and with Intestinal Parasites in Patients Attending Boane Health Center, Maputo Province, Mozambique.

Background: It is hypothesized that schistosomiasis and intestinal parasites increase susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and enhance AIDS progression by immunomodulation. This study aims to compare the prevalence and risk factors for schistosomiasis and intestinal parasites in HIV-1 infected and uninfected persons and to evaluate the association between HIV-1 induced immunosuppression and risk factors for parasite infection. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Boane Health Center in Boane village, Maputo Province from April to June 2017 in 280 patients aged over 5 years. From each of 140 HIV-1 infected or 140 HIV-1 uninfected persons, demographic and clinical data were collected as well as one stool and urine sample for parasitological analysis. All stool samples were processed using direct wet mount and Ritchie method for detection of common parasites, and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining techniques to identify Cryptosporidium spp., Cystoisospora belli and Cyclospora spp. oocysts from children stools. The urine was sedimented and analyzed for S. haematobium eggs detection. Results: The overall prevalence of parasitism in the study population was 46.8% (131/280). Fifty six percent of the HIV-1 infected persons (78/140) were infected by at least one parasite compared to 38% (53/140 of the HIV-1 uninfected persons (odds ratio [OR] 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-3.3).Further, HIV-1 infected persons were more likely to be infected by S. mansoni (OR 5.6, 95% CI 1.8-15.8) when compared to HIV-1 uninfected person and HIV-1 infected women were more likely to be infected by S. mansoni (OR 6.7 CI 95% 1.8-22.8%) when compared to HIV-1 uninfected women (p< 0.001). HIV-1 serostatus (OR 7.0, 95% CI 1.5-31.2). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that HIV-1 infected status (OR=1.813575), the use of river or lake as water sources either for drinking (OR=7.289245) or domestic chores (OR=9.16205) were significant risk factor for parasitic infection. Partcipants with secondary and higher school (OR=0.379) were less likely to have a parasitic infection compared with primary school or illiterate participants. Conclusions: It is possible that the a high prevalence of schistosomiais and intestinal parasites in this region plays an important role on the transmission and pathogenesis of HIV.

Prevalence of enteric bacteria and enteroparasites in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals with diarrhoea attending antiretroviral treatment clinic, Arba Minch General Hospital, southern Ethiopia.

In Ethiopia, only limited data are available regarding the prevalence of enteric bacterial pathogens and enteroparasites in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) -infected individuals with diarrhoea. Hence, this study aims to assess the prevalence of enteric bacteria and enteroparasites, and also the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria in them. An institution-based cross-sectional study was performed in HIV patients with diarrhoea, who visited the Anti-Retroviral Therapy Clinic of the Arba Minch General Hospital between 1 March and 31 August 2019. Data pertaining to sociodemographic characteristics and other factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Stool culture is of utmost importance in the case of HIV-infected individuals with diarrhoea. Stool samples were collected and examined for bacterial and parasitic pathogens following standard procedures. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed as per the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Data were analysed using SPSS software. A total of 180 individuals were included in the stool collection process. The prevalence rates of enteric bacteria and enteroparasites were 8.3% and 36.1%, respectively. Parasitic infections were more frequent than bacterial infections in these HIV-infected individuals; commonly identified enteroparasites were Giardia lamblia (8.9%) and Cryptosporidium parvum (8.3%). Campylobacter sp. was the most predominant enteric bacterial isolate (4.4%), followed by Salmonella (2.1%) and Shigella (1.1%) species. CD4 counts <200 cells/µL was significantly associated with both bacterial infections (adjusted OR 9.55, 95% CI 1.54-59.3, p 0.015) and parasitic infections (adjusted OR 3.53, 95% CI 1.3-17.9, p 0.03). Multidrug resistance was also detected in 100%, 75% and 60% of Shigella, Campylobacter and Salmonella sp., respectively. We found that enteroparasitic infections were more frequent than bacterial infections. Statistical analysis revealed that CD4 T-cell counts <200 cells/µL, quality of drinking water sources, hand washing habits after toilet and the presence of domestic animals were significantly associated with the prevalence of enteric pathogens.

Formas parasitárias encontradas em hortaliças comercializadas em feira livre de Picos, Piauí: a importância do processo de sanitização / Parasites found in the vegetables sold in open fairs in Picos, Piauí: the importance of sanitation process

O consumo diário de vegetais fornece inúmeros benefícios para a saúde do ser humano, no entanto têm sido um dos alimentos mais relacionados a surtos de toxinfecção alimentar em nível mundial. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de estruturas parasitárias em hortaliças comercializadas na feira livre do município de Picos, Piauí antes e após a utilização de hipoclorito de sódio como sanitizante. Foram analisadas 160 amostras, sendo 40 de alfaces-crespa (Lactuca sativa L.), 40 amostras de acelga (Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.), 40 amostras de coentro (Coriandrum sativum L.) e 40 amostras de cebolinha (Allium fistulosum L.), todas oriundas de plantio convencional. Para a busca parasitária, utilizou-se o método de sedimentação espontânea (Hoffmann). Os resultados mostraram que 75% das amostras, após lavagem com água destilada, estavam contaminadas por alguma estrutura parasitária, incluindo casos de múltipla contaminação. Os parasitos que prevaleceram nas amostras foram Ancilostomídeo (ovo e larva), Ascaris lumbricoides (ovo), Entamoeba histolytica (cisto), Taenia sp. (ovo) e Trichuris trichiura (ovo e larva). Após a sanitização das amostras, houve a redução da carga parasitária, o que torna indispensável esse processo. Esses dados demonstram a situação higiênico-sanitária precária das hortaliças comercializadas na feira livre e a necessidade da realização de campanhas de educação em saúde para produtores, comerciantes e consumidores de hortaliças da região. Essas medidas proporcionam melhora na qualidade das hortaliças e segurança para quem as consome.

Daily intake of vegetables provides numerous benefits to human health, yet they have been one of the foods most related to food poisoning outbreaks worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of parasitic structures in vegetables sold in the open fairs in Picos – Piauí, before and after the use of 2% sodium hypochlorite as a sanitizer. One hundred and sixty samples were analyzed: 40 of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), 40 samples of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.), 40 samples of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and 40 samples of chives (Allium fistulosum L.), all from conventional planting. For parasitic search, the spontaneous sedimentation method (Hoffmann) was used. All samples examined were contaminated by some parasitic structure and had multiple contamination. The predominant parasites were hookworm (egg and larva), Ascaris lumbricoides (egg), Entamoeba histolytica (cyst), Taenia sp. (egg) and Trichuris trichiura (egg and larva). The samples were sanitized, and the process reduced the parasite load by more than half. It is important to carry out health education campaigns for producers, traders and consumers of vegetables in the region and a strict supervision of the hygienic-sanitary quality of these foods, measures that provide improvement in the quality of vegetables and safety for those who consume them.

Formas parasitárias encontradas em hortaliças comercializadas em feira livre de Picos, Piauí: A importância do processo de sanitização / PARASITES FOUND IN THE VEGETABLES SOLD IN OPEN FAIRS IN PICOS, PIAUÍ: THE IMPORTANCE OF SANITATION PROCESS

O consumo diário de vegetais fornece inúmeros benefícios para a saúde do ser humano, no entanto têm sido um dos alimentos mais relacionados a surtos de toxinfecção alimentar em nível mundial. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de estruturas parasitárias em hortaliças comercializadas na feira livre do município de Picos, Piauí antes e após a utilização de hipoclorito de sódio como sanitizante. Foram analisadas 160 amostras, sendo 40 de alfaces-crespa (Lactuca sativa L.), 40 amostras de acelga (Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.), 40 amostras de coentro (Coriandrum sativum L.) e 40 amostras de cebolinha (Allium fistulosum L.), todas oriundas de plantio convencional. Para a busca parasitária, utilizou-se o método de sedimentação espontânea (Hoffmann). Os resultados mostraram que 75% das amostras, após lavagem com água destilada, estavam contaminadas por alguma estrutura parasitária, incluindo casos de múltipla contaminação. Os parasitos que prevaleceram nas amostras foram Ancilostomídeo (ovo e larva), Ascaris lumbricoides (ovo), Entamoeba histolytica (cisto), Taenia sp. (ovo) e Trichuris trichiura (ovo e larva). Após a sanitização das amostras, houve a redução da carga parasitária, o que torna indispensável esse processo. Esses dados demonstram a situação higiênico-sanitária precária das hortaliças comercializadas na feira livre e a necessidade da realização de campanhas de educação em saúde para produtores, comerciantes e consumidores de hortaliças da região. Essas medidas proporcionam melhora na qualidade das hortaliças e segurança para quem as consome

Daily intake of vegetables provides numerous benefits to human health, yet they have been one of the foods most related to food poisoning outbreaks worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of parasitic structures in vegetables sold in the open fairs in Picos ­ Piauí, before and after the use of 2% sodium hypochlorite as a sanitizer. One hundred and sixty samples were analyzed: 40 of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), 40 samples of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.), 40 samples of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and 40 samples of chives (Allium fistulosum L.), all from conventional planting. For parasitic search, the spontaneous sedimentation method (Hoffmann) was used. All samples examined were contaminated by some parasitic structure and had multiple contamination. The predominant parasites were hookworm (egg and larva), Ascaris lumbricoides (egg), Entamoeba histolytica (cyst), Taenia sp. (egg) and Trichuris trichiura (egg and larva). The samples were sanitized, and the process reduced the parasite load by more than half. It is important to carry out health education campaigns for producers, traders and consumers of vegetables in the region and a strict supervision of the hygienic-sanitary quality of these foods, measures that provide improvement in the quality of vegetables and safety for those who consume them

Prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en muestras de pacientes atendidos en el Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan", Argentina, 2018-2019 / Prevalence of intestinal parasites in samples of patients attending the Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan", Argentina, 2018-2019 / Prevalência de parasitas intestinais em amostras de pacientes atendidos no Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan", Argentina, 2018-2019

Resumen Se evaluaron retrospectivamente los resultados obtenidos de estudios parasitológicos en muestras de heces y escobillados anales remitidos al Laboratorio de Parasitología y Gastroenterología del Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan" de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El objetivo del trabajo fue conocer la prevalencia de los parásitos intestinales observados en las muestras remitidas a este hospital y su distribución en rangos etarios. En el período comprendido entre mayo de 2018 y abril de 2019 se analizó un total de 4713 muestras pertenecientes a 3311 pacientes, que arrojó un resultado total de 29% de positivos (1371/4713). De los exámenes coproparasitológicos el 30% fueron positivos (1193/4025) y se hallaron huevos de Enterobius vermicularis en el 26% (178/688) de los escobillados anales. En las muestras seriadas de heces se obtuvo un 37% de positividad mientras que en muestras únicas un 21%. En la totalidad de muestras fecales, los enteroparásitos más prevalentes fueron Blastocystis spp. en un 14% (579/4025), Giardia duodenalis 11% (456/4025) y Dientamoeba fragilis 7% (291/4025). Los resultados demostraron diferencias significativas con mayor prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en pacientes en edad escolar comprendidos entre los 6 y 10 años, en relación a los de edad preescolar. En las muestras fecales analizadas se evidenció un predominio de parasitismo de protozoos sobre helmintos, por lo que se debería considerar reforzar el diagnóstico de laboratorio de esas especies mediante técnicas, como coloraciones, que posibiliten su hallazgo y confirmación.

Abstract The results obtained of the coproparasitological studies and anal swab submitted to the laboratory of the Parasitology Section of the Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan" of the Buenos Aires City, Argentina, were retrospectively evaluated The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites found on the submitted samples and to evaluate their frequency according to the age of the patients. Within the period between May 2018 and April 2019, a total of 4713 samples corresponding to 3311 patients were analyzed and intestinal parasites were present in 29% (1371/4713). In 30% of coproparasitological studies parasite estructures were found (1193/4025) and 26% of anal swab samples were positive for the presence of Enterobius vermicularis eggs (178/688). In serial fecal samples, 37% positive results were obtained, while in single samples, 21%. The most prevalent enteroparasites calculated from the total fecal samples were: Blastocystis spp. with 14% (579/4025), followed by Giardia duodenalis 11% (456/4025) and Dientamoeba fragilis 7% (291/4025). The incidence of intestinal parasites was higher in the group of patients between 6 and 10 years, and the existence of significant differences between proportions of parasitized patients in preschool and school infants, was observed. In the faecal samples analyzed, a greater prevalence of parasitism caused by protozoa than by helminths was evidenced, for which reason it should be considered, reinforcing the laboratory diagnosis using techniques such as stains that allow its finding and confirmation.

Resumo Os resultados obtidos de estudos parasitológicos em amostras fecais e esfregaços anais enviados ao Laboratório de Parasitologia e Gastroenterologia do Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan" da Cidade de Buenos Aires, Argentina, foram avaliados retrospectivamente. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a prevalência dos parasitas intestinais observados nas amostras enviadas a este hospital e sua distribuição por faixas etárias. Durante o período compreendido entre maio de 2018 a abril de 2019 foram analisadas 4713 amostras, correspondentes a 3311 pacientes, o que deu um resultado total de 29% de positivos (1371/4713). 30% dos exames coproparasitológicos foram positivos (1193/4025) e foram encontrados ovos de Enterobius vermicularis em 26% (178/688) dos esfregaços anais. Nas amostras seriadas fecais foram obtidos 37% de resultados positivos, enquanto que em amostras únicas, 21%. Os enteroparasitas mais prevalentes na totalidade das amostras fecais foram Blastocystis spp. em 14% (579/4025), Giardia duodenalis 11% (456/4025) e Dientamoeba fragilis 7% (291/4025). Os resultados demonstraram diferenças significativas com maior prevalência de parasitas intestinais em pacientes em idade escolar da faixa etária entre 6 e 10 anos, em relação aos da pré-escola. Nas amostras fecais analisadas, evidenciou-se um predomínio de parasitismo por protozoários por sobre helmintos, pelo qual deve ser considerado o reforço do diagnóstico laboratorial dessas espécies por meio de técnicas, como colorações que permitam a sua localização e confirmação.

Use of the aqueous biphasic system as an alternative for concentration of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, with non-toxic separation of faecal residues and fats.

OBJECTIVES: Human enteroparasites are considered a serious public health problem in underdeveloped countries located in world regions with tropical, subtropical and equatorial climates. These parasites are commonly diagnosed by the Parasitological Examination of Faeces (PEF), performed by conventional techniques and/or commercial kits that result in tests with low-to-moderate sensitivity, due to the use of destructive chemical solvents to parasite structures, and to present excess adipose substance and digestive residues in their microscopic slides. In order to improve the efficacy of these tests/examinations, this study aimed to investigate a new alternative for the PEF, with the use of Aqueous Biphasic System (ABS). METHODS: For this, four ABSs containing poly (ethylene glycol), PEG (PEG-4000 and PEG-6000), dipotassium phosphate and sodium citrate at different concentrations in the biphasic systems were evaluated with faecal samples containing eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides. RESULTS: The ABS consisting of PEG-4000 and dipotassium phosphate, at concentrations of 55% w/w and 20% w/w, respectively, achieved 100% satisfactory results compared to the conventional TF-Test technique in terms of preservation and concentration of A. lumbricoides eggs, with adequate separation of digestive residues, without using a centrifuge or chemical solvents that may cause harm to the parasites. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents ABS as a new low-cost technical principle for the detection of parasite eggs in PEF. The new technique is simple, fast, non-toxic, not harmful to the parasite and does not require a centrifuge.

UTILISATION DU SYSTÈME BIPHASIQUE AQUEUX COMME ALTERNATIVE À LA CONCENTRATION DES ŒUFS D'ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES, AVEC SÉPARATION NON TOXIQUE DES RÉSIDUS FÉCAUX ET DES GRAISSES: OBJECTIFS: Les entéroparasites humains sont considérés comme un sérieux problème de santé publique dans les pays sous-développés situés dans des régions du monde aux climats tropicaux, subtropicaux et équatoriaux. L'examen parasitologique des matières fécales (EPMF) permet généralement de diagnostiquer ces parasites, à l'aide de techniques classiques et/ou de kits commerciaux, conduisant à des tests de sensibilité faible à modérée, dus à l'utilisation de solvants chimiques destructeurs pour les structures du parasite et résultant en excès de substances adipeuses et de résidus digestifs dans leurs lames microscopiques. Afin d'améliorer l'efficacité de ces tests/examens, cette étude visait à étudier une nouvelle alternative à l'EPMF, avec l'utilisation du Système Biphasique Aqueux (SBA). MÉTHODES: Pour cela, quatre SBA contenant du poly (éthylène glycol), du PEG (PEG-4000 et PEG-6000), du phosphate dipotassique et du citrate de sodium à différentes concentrations ont été évalués avec des échantillons de matières fécales contenant des œufs d'Ascaris lumbricoides. RÉSULTATS: Le SBA constitué de PEG-4000 et de phosphate dipotassique, à des concentrations respectives de 55% poids/poids et 20% poids/poids, a obtenu des résultats satisfaisants à 100% par rapport à la technique conventionnelle du TF-Test, en termes de préservation et de concentration des œufs de A. lumbricoides, avec une séparation adéquate des résidus digestifs, sans utiliser de centrifugeuse ni de solvants chimiques pouvant détruire les parasites. CONCLUSIONS: Cette étude présente le SBA comme un nouveau principe technique peu coûteux pour la détection des œufs de parasites dans l'EPMF. La nouvelle technique est simple, rapide, non toxique, n'endommage pas le parasite et ne nécessite pas de centrifugeuse.

Eficiencia global diagnóstica del equipo concentrador de enteroparásitos Mini Parasep® SF / Global diagnostic efficiency of the enteroparasite concentrator Mini Parasep® SF kit

Las enteroparasitosis poseen una distribución universal, tanto en zonas rurales como urbanas, y afectan principalmente a la población infantil, para la cual representan un problema muy frecuente en salud pública. El daño ocasionado en el aparato digestivo puede causar en los niños retardo de la maduración, alteraciones del estado nutricional y bajo rendimiento escolar. Respecto del diagnóstico etiológico, la aplicación de técnicas de concentración a las muestras fecales, previa a la observación microscópica, mejora la sensibilidad, debido a que la excreción de elementos parasitarios puede, en ocasiones, ser escasa o intermitente. Los métodos de sedimentación como el de Telemann son los más empleados en el diagnóstico parasitológico, aunque poseen la desventaja del uso de éter etílico, compuesto moderadamente tóxico. Con el objetivo de evaluar la eficiencia global diagnóstica del equipo Mini Parasep® SF, y su confiabilidad durante su empleo, se procesaron 148 muestras de materia fecal por los métodos de Telemann modificado y Mini Parasep® SF. Una vez aplicados los métodos convencionales, el diagnóstico microscópico fue realizado por dos observadores a través de una investigación a doble ciego. Del total de muestras analizadas (n=148) y desagregando aquellas positivas en resultados individuales cuando éstas tenían más de un agente etiológico (ntotal=234), el 65,8% (154/234) fueron positivas y el 34,2% (80/234) negativas. A partir de observaciones aleatorizadas y repetidas se estimó la acordancia de resultados intraoperador en 90,3% y entre operadores en 90,5%. A partir de las observaciones independientes, se obtuvo un índice de concordancia entre operadores, Kappa=0,83 (muy bueno). No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los valores de sensibilidad (S) y especificidad (E) estimados para cada uno de los observadores (O) con un IC95%, (S/O1) 94,8%; (S/O2) 97,4%; y (E/O1) 92,5%; (E/O2) 95,0%. La eficiencia global del test según operador fue 94,02% y 96,58 respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que ambas técnicas podrían ser empleadas para concentrar muestras fecales para investigar enteroparásitos. El método Mini Parasep® SF demostró ser sencillo, rápido y efectivo, y no necesitó éter como solvente orgánico, y por su eficiencia global, podría ser útil en aquellos laboratorios imposibilitados de utilizar las técnicas convencionales.

Enteroparasitoses have a universal distribution, both in rural and urban areas, and they affect mainly the infant population, for which reason they represent a very frequent problem in public health. The damage caused in the digestive system can give rise to retardation in children, changes in nutritional status and poor school performance. With respect to the etiological diagnosis, the application of concentration techniques to fecal samples, prior to microscopic observation, improves sensitivity, taking into account that the excretion of parasitic elements can sometimes be scarce or intermittent. Sedimentation methods such as Telemann, are the most widely used in the parasitological diagnosis, although they have the disadvantage of the use of ethyl ether, a moderately toxic compound. In order to evaluate the overall diagnostic efficiency of the Mini Parasep® SF kit, and its reliability during its use, 148 stool samples were processed by modified Telemann and Mini Parasep® SF methods. Once the conventional methods were applied, the microscopic diagnosis was made by two observers through double-blind research. Of the total samples analyzed (n=148) and disaggregating positive ones in individual results when they had more than one etiological agent (n total=234), 65.8% (154/234) were positive and 34.2% (80/234) negative. Based on randomized and repeated observations, the accordance of intraoperator results was estimated at 90.3% and between operators at 90.5%. From the independent observations, a concordance index between operators was obtained, Kappa=0.83 (very good). No statistically significant differences were observed between the values of sensitivity (S) and specificity (E) estimated for each of the observers (O) with an IC95%, (S/O1) 94.8%; (S/O2) 97.4%; and (E/O1) 92.5%; (E/O2) 95.0%. The overall efficiency of the test according to the operator was 94.02% and 96.58 respectively. The results obtained suggest that both techniques could be used to concentrate fecal samples to investigate enteroparasites. The Mini Parasep® SF method proved to be simple, fast and effective, and did not need ether as an organic solvent. Because of its overall efficiency, it could be useful in laboratories that are unable to use conventional techniques.

As enteroparasitoses têm uma distribuição universal, tanto em áreas rurais como urbanas, e afetam principalmente a população infantil, para as quais representam um problema muito frequente na saúde pública. Os danos causados no sistema digestivo podem causar retardamento em crianças, alterações no estado nutricional e baixo desempenho escolar. No diagnóstico etiológico, as técnicas de concentração de aplicação para amostras fecais, antes da observação microscópica, melhoram a sensibilidade, uma vez que a excreção de elementos parasitas pode por vezes ser pouco ou intermitente. Métodos de sedimentação, como Telemann, são os mais utilizados no diagnóstico parasitológico, embora tenham a desvantagem do uso de éter etílico, um composto moderadamente tóxico. Para avaliar a eficiência diagnóstica geral do kit Mini Parasep® SF e sua confiabilidade durante o uso, 148 amostras de fezes foram processadas pelos métodos modificado Telemann e Mini Parasep® SF. Uma vez que os métodos convencionais foram aplicados, o diagnóstico microscópico foi feito por dois observadores através de pesquisa duplo-cego. De todas as amostras testadas (n=148) e desagregando esses resultados positivos quando estes indivíduo tinha mais do que um agente etiológico (N total=234), 65,8% (154/234) foram positivos, e 34,2% (80/234) negativos. Com base em observações aleatórias e repetidas, a acordância dos resultados intraoperatórios foi estimada em 90,3% e entre os operadores em 90,5%. A partir das observações independentes, obteve-se um índice de concordância entre os operadores, Kappa=0,83 (muito bom). Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os valores de sensibilidade (S) e especificidade (E) estimados para cada um dos observadores (O) com IC95%, (S/O1) 94,8%; (S/O2) 97,4%; e (E/O1) 92,5%; (E/O2) 95,0%. A eficiência global do teste de acordo com o operador foi de 94,02% e 96,58, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que ambas as técnicas podem ser usadas para concentrar amostras fecais para investigar enteroparasitas. O método Mini Parasep® SF mostrou-se simples, rápido e efetivo, não necessitando de éter como solvente orgânico e, devido à sua eficiência global, pode ser útil em laboratórios incapazes de utilizar técnicas convencionais.

Prevalencia de las parasitosis intestinales en el Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas "Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz" / Prevalence of intestinal parasites in Infectious Diseases Hospital "Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz" / Prevalência de parasitoses intestinais no Hospital de Doenças Infecciosas "Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz"

Se evaluaron en forma retrospectiva los resultados obtenidos del procesamiento de muestras fecales y escobillados anales, remitidos para su estudio al laboratorio de la Sección Parasitología del Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas "Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz" de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, durante el período comprendido entre enero y diciembre de 2016. Se tuvieron en cuenta los resultados de 1253 estudios parasitológicos de materia fecal y de 268 escobillados anales, correspondientes a 1207 pacientes. No fueron considerados los resultados de las muestras de 432 pacientes, de los cuales no se poseía alguno de los datos evaluados. Las muestras fecales resultaron positivas en 288 (22,98%) casos, mientras que en 33 (12,31%) escobillados anales, fueron positivas para la presencia de huevos de Enterobius vermicularis. La presencia de Blastocystis sp. fue detectada en 194 (17,1%) pacientes, seguida en orden de frecuencia por Entamoeba coli (51; 4,5%), Giardia lamblia (47; 4,1%) y Endolimax nana (32; 2,8%). El hallazgo de coccidios arrojó una prevalencia de 1,2% (n=14) para Cryptosporidium sp. y de 1,3% (n=15) para Cystoisospora belli. Cuando se evaluó la incidencia de parasitosis de acuerdo con la edad de los pacientes, se observó la existencia de significancia de diferencias entre proporciones de pacientes parasitados con edades menores o iguales a 15 años y mayores a esta edad. Por otro lado, no se encontró significancia de diferencias entre las proporciones de mujeres y varones con estudios coproparasitológicos positivos. El presente estudio, realizado con una metodología simple, al alcance de laboratorios de baja complejidad, ha puesto en evidencia que el número de géneros y especies encontrados en las muestras analizadas presenta heterogeneidad espacial, con los valores más altos representados por Blastocystis sp., seguido por protozoarios intestinales (Giardia lamblia y amebas no patógenas), así como una prevalencia importante de coccidios en las muestras fecales de la población estudiada, asociada a pacientes con SIDA. Estudios posteriores y más completos, que incluyan una mayor cantidad de datos de los pacientes evaluados, posibilitarán un mejor conocimiento de las coproparasitosis presentes en la población asistida en el Hospital Muñiz.

The results obtained during the period between January and December 2016 of the fecal samples and anal sclerosis, were submitted retrospectively to the laboratory of the Parasitology Section of the Hospital of Infectious Diseases "Francisco Javier Muñiz" of the City of Buenos Aires. The results of 1253 parasitological studies of fecal matter and of 268 gauzes anal swabbing, corresponding to 1207 patients, were taken into account. The results of the samples from 432 patients were left out, and none of their data was evaluated. Fecal samples were positive in 288 (22.98%) cases, while 33 (12.31%) were positive for the presence of Enterobius vermicularis eggs. The presence of Blastocystis sp. was detected in 194 (17.1%) patients, followed in order of frequency by Entamoeba coli (51. 4.5%), Giardia lamblia (47. 4.1%) and Endolimax nana (32. 2.8%). The finding of coccidiosis showed a prevalence of 1.2% (n = 14) for Cryptosporidium sp. and 1.3% (n = 15) for Cystoisospora belli. When the incidence of parasitosis was evaluated according to the age of the patients, the existence of significant differences between proportions of parasitized patients with ages less than or equal to 15 years and older was observed. On the other hand, no significant differences were found between the proportions of women and men with positive coproparasitological studies. The present study, performed with a simple methodology, within the reach of low complexity laboratories, has shown that the number of genera and species found in the analyzed samples presents spatial heterogeneity, with the highest values represented by Blastocystis sp., followed by Giardia lamblia and non-pathogenic amoebae, as well as an important prevalence of coccidia in fecal samples of the population studied, associated with AIDS patients. Further and more complete studies, including a greater amount of data of the evaluated patients, will facilitate a better knowledge of the coproparasitosis present in the assisted population in the Muñiz Hospital.

Foram avaliados os resultados em forma retrospectiva para o processamento de amostras fecais e swabs anais, enviados para sua consideração ao laboratório da Seção de Parasitologia do Hospital de Doenças Infecciosas "Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz" da cidade de Buenos Aires. Foram considerados os resultados de 1253 estudos parasitológico das fezes e 268 de swab anal, correspondentes a 1207 pacientes. Não foram considerados os resultados de amostras de 432 pacientes, dos quais não existía algum dos dados avaliados. As amostras fecais resultaram positivas em 288 (22,98%) casos, enquanto que em 33 (12,31%) swabs anais foram positivas para a presença de ovos de Enterobius vermicularis. A presença de Blastocystis sp. foi detectada em 194 (17,1%) pacientes, seguida em ordem de frequência por Entamoeba coli (51, 4,5%), Giardia lamblia (47, 4,1%) e Endolimax nana (32, 2,8%). O achado de coccídios mostrou uma prevalência de 1,2% (n = 14) para o Cryptosporidium sp. e de 1,3% (n = 15) para Cystoisospora belli. Quando a incidência de parasitoses de acordo com a idade dos pacientes foi avaliada, observou-se a existência de significância de diferenças entre as proporções de pacientes parasitados com idade menor ou igual a 15 anos e com mais de15 anos. Por outro lado, não houve significância de diferenças entre as proporções de mulheres e homens com estudos coproparasitológicos positivos. Este estudo, realizado com uma metodologia simples disponível para laboratórios de baixa complexidade, mostrou que o número de gêneros e espécies encontradas nas amostras analisadas apresenta heterogeneidade espacial, com os mais altos valores representados por Blastocystis sp., seguido por protozoários intestinais (Giardia lamblia e amebas não patogênicas), bem como uma prevalência significativa de coccídios nas amostras fecais da população do estudo, associada com doentes de AIDs. Estudos posteriores e mais abrangentes, incluindo maior número de dados dos pacientes avaliados, permitirá uma melhor compreensão das coproparasitoses presentes na população atendida no Hospital Muñiz.

Intestinal parasite prevalence in schoolchildren from northwestern Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil

Parasites are often a public health hazard, especially among schoolchildren. The transmission of these parasites is associated with poor hygiene and sanitation, as well as close contact between people. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of intestinal parasitic infections in schoolchildren from the rural and urban areas of the Palmeira das Missões county, a major town in northwestern Rio Grande do Sul State. Fecal samples from 209 schoolchildren aged three to fourteen were analyzed. The Hoffman, Pons and Janer, Faust, Ritchie, and Kinyoun's stain for coccidea parasite detection techniques were applied. 59.3% of the patients were positive for pathogenic or commensal parasites. The most common parasites were Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba coli, Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp., respectively. There were no significant differences in positivity among schoolchildren from rural and urban areas. Low family income and the mothers' schooling (up to 8 years of education) were statistically significant for the presence of parasites. This is the first parasite study carried out in the Palmeira das Missões county

Prevalence of parasites with zoonotic potential in soil from the main public parks and squares in Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil

Soil contamination in parks and public squares caused by animal feces has been one of the main forms of parasitic contamination, becoming therefore a public health problem. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of parasites in the soil in major parks and public squares in Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil. Two samplings were performed at each location, the first in summer (February) and the second in winter (July) in 2015. Soil samples were collected in five spots in ten parks/public squares, per season and examined using the Hoffman, Pons & Janer (HPJ), Faust and Rugai, Mattos and Brisola methods. Among the 100 samples analyzed by HPJ and Rugai, Mattos and Brisola, 64% and 58% respectively, proved positive in summer and 28% and 60% in winter. The Faust method showed the same number of positive samples in both seasons (12% each). The following parasites were found: Cystosospora sp oocysts (4%), Entamoeba coli cysts (1%), Strongyloides stercoralis suggestive larvae (0.3%), Endolimax nana cysts (1%) and Ancylostoma sp suggestive larvae (33.3%) with the highest prevalence. Both parks and squares presented parasites with zoonotic potential. Thus, it is necessary to highlight the importance of educational measures regarding the use of these locations as well as the cleaning of public areas with the removal of animal excrements.

Enteroparásitos en niños de una comunidad indígena del municipio Machiques de Perijá, estado Zulia Venezuela / Enteroparasites in children of an indigenous community in Machiques de Perijá, Zulia state Venezuela

Con la finalidad de determinar la prevalencia de enteroparásitos en niños de una comunidad indígena del municipio Machiques de Perijá del estado Zulia, fueron analizadas 139 muestras fecales provenientes de niños en edades comprendidas entre 0 a 12 años de edad. A cada espécimen fecal se le realizó un examen coproparasitológico al fresco con solución salina fisiológica al 0,85% y coloraciones temporales NAIR y lugol, así como la técnica de concentración de Ritchie. Se observó una prevalencia general de niños parasitados de 87,7 % No hubo diferencia significativa en cuanto al estudio de las variables parasitosis y sexo. Se observó un predomino del poliparasitismo (68, 35%) sobre el monoparasitismo (20,15%). En cuanto al grupo de edades, el estrato de 2 a 6 años resultó el mayormente parasitado (43,92 %). El χ2 reveló que si existe relación significativa entre las variables parasitismo y edad. Las especies parasitarias que obtuvieron una mayor prevalencia fueron: Entamoeba coli (46,06%), Blastocystis sp. (43,16%), Trichuris trichiura (30,94%) y Ascaris lumbricoides (21,58%), en todo el grupo estudiado. Estos resultados son similares a los obtenidos en investigaciones previas. La alta prevalencia de protozoarios sugieren un patrón de transmisión directa entre la población estudiada o a través del consumo de agua y/o alimentos contaminados fecalmente.

In order to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in children from an indigenous community in the municipality Machiques de Perija of Zulia state, they were analyzed fecal samples from 139 children aged between 0-12 years old. Each stool specimen was conducted a coproparasitological fresh examination with physiological saline 0.85% and temporary colorations NAIR and lugol, as well, Ritchie´s concentration technique. An overall prevalence of children parasitized 87.7% was observed, no significant differences in the studies of the variables parasitosis and sex. It was observed a predomine of polyparasitism (68,35%) on monoparasitism (20,15%). As for the age group, stratum 2 to 6 years was the mostly parasitized (43.92%). The X² revealed that if there is significant relationship between variables and age parasitism. Parasitic species obtained a higher prevalence were: Entamoeba coli (46.06%), Blastocystis sp. (43.16%), Trichuris trichiura (30.94%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (21.58%) throughout the study group. These results are similar to those obtained in previous research. The high prevalence of protozoan suggest a pattern of direct transmission between the study population or through consumption of water and/or fecally contaminated food.

Spatial distribution and enteroparasite contamination in peridomiciliar soil and water in the Apucaraninha Indigenous Land, southern Brazil.

The prevalence and distribution of soil and water samples contaminated with enteroparasites of humans and animals with zoonotic potential (EHAZP) in Apucaraninha Indigenous Land (AIL), southern Brazil, was evaluated. An environmental survey was conducted to evaluate the presence of parasitic forms in peridomiciliary soil and associated variables. Soil samples were collected from 40/293 domiciles (10 domiciles per season), from November 2010 to June 2011, and evaluated by modified methods of Faust et al. and Lutz. Analyses of water from seven consumption sites were also performed. The overall prevalence of soil samples contaminated by EHAZP was 23.8 %. The most prevalent parasitic forms were cyst of Entamoeba spp. and eggs of Ascaris spp. The highest prevalence of contaminated soil samples was observed in winter (31 %). The probability map obtained with geostatistical analyses showed an average of 47 % soil contamination at a distance of approximately 140 m. The parasitological analysis of water did not detect Giardia spp. or Cryptosporidium spp. and showed that all collection points were within the standards of the Brazilian law. However, the microbiological analysis showed the presence of Escherichia coli in 6/7 sampled points. Despite the low level of contamination by EHAZP in peridomiciliar soil and the absence of pathogenic protozoa in water, the AIL soil and water (due to the presence of fecal coliforms) are potential sources of infection for the population, indicating the need for improvements in sanitation and water treatment, in addition periodic treatment of the population with antiparasitic.

Plantas medicinais com ação antiparasitária: conhecimento tradicional na etnia Kantaruré, aldeia Baixa das Pedras, Bahia, Brasil / Medicinal plants with antiparasitic action: traditional knowledge of the Kantaruré ethnic group, Baixa das Pedras village, Bahia, Brazil

RESUMO O uso de espécies vegetais para curar doenças e sintomas remonta ao início da civilização. Em várias culturas produtos botânicos eram empregados para essa finalidade. No Brasil, sob influência das interações culturais entre índios, negros e portugueses, essa relação homem-natureza permitiu a disseminação da sabedoria herdada em relação ao uso e cultivo de diversas espécies vegetais. O presente trabalho objetivou realizar um levantamento das plantas medicinais indicadas pelos índios da etnia Kantaruré, aldeia Baixa das Pedras com ação antiparasitária. Para a coleta de dados foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com quatorze pessoas, pertencentes a uma população de 150 indígenas, selecionadas pela técnica da bola de neve, reconhecidas pela comunidade como maiores detentores do conhecimento sobre a realidade local e sobre plantas. Os resultados indicam que doze espécies são utilizadas na medicina tradicional local com ação antiparasitária, podendo destacar a caçatinga (Croton argyrophylloides Muell. Arg.), mastruz (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.), hortelã miúdo (Mentha piperita L.) e babosa (Aloe vera (L.) Burm f.) como as mais indicadas. As plantas citadas pertencem à vegetação nativa, sendo que as espécies cultivadas são encontradas principalmente nos quintais, nas proximidades das residências e em locais de cultivo próprio. Os dados levantados nesta pesquisa evidenciam a importância terapêutica, cultural e histórica do uso de espécies botânicas na prevenção e cura de enfermidades. A aldeia estudada depende diretamente dos recursos vegetais para as suas práticas de cura. Os resultados dessa pesquisa podem servir como base para bioprospecção bem como para seleção de espécies da caatinga para estudos futuros visando o seu uso e manejo sustentável.

ABSTRACT The use of plant species to cure diseases and symptoms dates back to the dawn of civilization. In various cultures, botanical products were employed for this purpose. In Brazil, influenced by cultural interactions between native indians, Africans, and the Portuguese, this man-nature relationship allowed the spread of inherited knowledge regarding the use and cultivation of various species of plants. The purpose of this study was to carry out a survey of medicinal plants with antiparasitic action indicated by the Kantaruré indians from the Baixa das Pedras village. For data collection, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 people belonging to an indigenous population of 150, selected by the snowball technique, recognized by the community as the most knowledgeable on the local situation and plants. The results indicate that 12 species with antiparasitic action are used in traditional local medicine, with emphasis on the caçatinga (Croton argyrophylloides Muell. Arg.), mastruz (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.), peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), and babosa (Aloe vera (L.) Burm f.) as the most suitable. These plants belong to the native vegetation, and the cultivated species are found mainly in backyards, near homes, and on cultivation sites. The data from this study demonstrate the therapeutic, cultural, and historical importance of the use of botanical species to prevent and cure diseases. The village studied depends directly on plant resources for their healing practices. The results of this study can serve as a basis for bioprospecting as well as for the selection of caatinga species in future studies toward its use and sustainable management.